Adolescence Development The Growth Of A Child Occurs...

Adolescence Development Adolescence development is the period where the growth of a child occurs after childhood and before adulthood. The ages are from 12 to 18 years. This period is one of the most crucial times in an adolescent life. They experience serious changes such as physical, sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity and the skills needed to have adult relationships and roles during this time. While this period is a time of tremendous growth and development, it is also a time of risk during which social environments apply powerful influences. Adolescents depend on their families, communities, schools, and their friends to learn a wide range of important skills that can help them cope with any problems they may face and make the transition from childhood to adulthood successfully. Parents, friends, and the community, has the ability to promote adolescent development and to get involved when problems arise. According to Rogers, adolescence begins from ages 10-12 and last until age 18. During this time there are many changes that take place which can cause many problems to occur for families and the individual (Rogers, 2013). During the development in adolescence, they are trying to find their identity and independence. Adolescences also develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, establish and maintain satisfying relationships. Their cognitive ability become more complex and they are able to use logic and reason when makingShow MoreRelatedPsychology1413 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Childhood to Adolescence Development ------------------------------------------------- Monica Rodriguez-Sosa ------------------------------------------------- University of Houston – Downtown Introduction As we age and grow in life, we constantly change in many different aspects. It is natural for humans to develop new ways of thinking, being, and feeling. At childhood, we might have show certain behaviors that we do not show in adolescence. Not only does our behaviorRead MoreAdolescence Is The Most Important Stages Of Human Development1282 Words   |  6 Pagestake part during human development; adolescence is one of the most important stages because it is the period that follows humans’ development from child to adult. According to Clause (2013), adolescence is broken up into biological, cognitive, and emotional stages. These aspects of adolescence are individually important because, it defines one’s personality and character as an individual and, it affects their future. Most people do not realize how big of an impact adolescence has; however, this essayRead MoreAdolescence and Early Adulthood Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescence is often considered a time of confusion, rebellion, and problems. While this can occur, most people emerge from adolescence without any problems and successfully navigate the changes that accompany adolescence. Researchers do seem to agree that there are a lot of changes that take place during adolescence, but it does not always mean that it is an unpleasant time in the lives of humans (Santrock, 2011). As children enter adolescence they will experience neurological, hormonal, andRead MoreDevelopment Stages Of Adolescence And Adolescent Sub Stages1276 Words   |  6 Pageshelpful to us in following ways : ïÆ'Ëœ it will explain the nature and development stages of the adolescence. ïÆ'Ëœ it will enlist the development task during the adolescence . ïÆ'Ëœ it will explain the behavioral issues , challenges ,factors effecting the adolescence . ïÆ'Ëœ also discuss the gender disparity and phenomenon of the generation gap . ________________________________________ Adolescence: Concept of adolescence: adolescence is the dramatically evolving theoretical construct informed throughRead MoreThe Process of Adolescent Development Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Adolescence is a transition which has no fixed time limits. However, the changes that occur at this time are so significant that it is useful to talk about adolescence as a distinct period of human life cycle. This period ranges from biological changes to changes in behavior and social status, thus making it difficult to specify its limits exactly (Damon, 2008). Adolescence begins with puberty, i.e. a series of physiological changes that lead to full development of the sexual organsRead MoreHuman, Social, And Moral Development1669 Words   |  7 Pagesand implementation. While prevention and intervention efforts are important during all stages of life, they are especially important during childhood and adolescence, when risk factors may be more easily avoided and protective factors can be established that may last a lifetime (Cohen, ChaÃŒ vez, Chehimi, 2007). Brain, human, social, and moral development are critical to prevention program design and implementation. Developmental knowledge helps prevention professionals predict behavior and facilitateRead MoreChild Needs For A Child s Life1344 Words   |  6 PagesA child needs to grow in an environment where their physical, emotional, social and educational needs are met. Many parents are working full time and find it difficult to find a balance to give all the things a child requires in the period of age where they are exploring a lot of changes and need support to help them from being confused and feel lonely. Adolescence is the period between 11 to 19 years of age. This is the period when children start asking questions and are able to make possible judgmentsRead MoreLearning Styles And Sociocultural Influences On Child And Adolescent Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will describe child and adolescent behaviours reported in the media and will examine the link to development theories, learning styles and sociocultural influences on child and adolescent development. As a developing seconda ry school preserve teacher, my focus will be mainly on adolescent behaviours and development. I will be examining an article from a media how these developmental theories analyses and helps us to understand the behaviour of child and adolescents. I will also try toRead MoreThe Brilliant Club Final Assignment1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthe information without changing the meaning and make sure it will have the source links at the bottom of the essay. It will show images of the brain at different ages. It will show; development of the brain, consequences of adolescence for example drink driving, what is fMRI, sMRI, PET and EEG. Main During adolescence the teenagers become more risky (take more risks), the frontal lobe (the brakes) are not fully developed so it can’t cope with the temporal lobe (accelerator) which can’t control itselfRead MoreParenting Style Affects Our Lifelong Brain Development Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesauthoritative, neglectful, permissive, and authoritarian. Most of us spend at least 18 years or longer with our parent(s) so it leads to a question that if parenting style affects our lifelong brain development. Authoritative parents are demanding and responding. They are being supportive, accepting, and child centred. Authoritarian parents are highly demanding and not responding. They give orders to their children, require them to obey it, and follow the rules that they have given. Permissive parents

Essay on Est1 Wgu - 719 Words

EST1 â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.† (Baker, Mallen (June 8, 2004). Corporate Social Responsibility: What Does It Mean? May 15, 2013 from www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.php). Mallenbaker.net. Retrieved Keeping this definition in mind while evaluating Company Q’s attitude toward social responsibility, it is apparent they have developed a reputation for not caring about the community by closing stores in higher crime rate areas, only offering a limited supply of healthconscience and organic products, and†¦show more content†¦They could also research low cost security options that would make the stores safer for customers and staff. These small changes would allow the stores to remain open building a more socially conscious reputation in the community. The second area that Company Q needs to improve is the lack of a structured program that expresses acceptable behavior for everyone within the organization and what could happen if these standards are not followed. This standard of conduct program must start at the top of the company’s hierarchy. There should be a thorough training program with officers in charge of monitoring whether changes need to be made and i mplementing any consequences. An ethical standards policy can increase employee dedication decreasing fraud and internal theft which makes donating to food banks possible. This low cost solution would boost Company Q’s reputation with all of their stakeholders. The final area that could be improved regarding the company’s attitude toward social responsibility is to offer a larger selection of health-conscience and organic products. Though these products come at a higher margin, the requests made by consumers show a demand for products of this type. By offering a better selection, Company Q demonstrates concern for the health and well-being of the community attracting new business and increasing profitability which by definition is socially responsible. â€Å"It takes many good deeds to build a goodShow MoreRelatedEssay on Est1 Wgu785 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Social responsibility in business can be defined as the obligation an organization has to minimize its negative social impact on stakeholders and to maximize its positive impact. In this case study we are introduced to a small local grocery chain referred to as Company Q. Located in a major metropolis, Company Q has recently closed some stores in areas of the city with higher crime-rates. They have started to stock a very limited amount of organic and health-conscienceRead MoreEst1 Wgu - Ethics Program for Nonprofit Management Consulting Services1246 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Program for Nonprofit Management Consulting Services Ethics Program for Nonprofit Management Consulting Services Assessment: EST1 310.2.3-08 Ethics Program for Nonprofit Management Consulting Services Code of Conduct Our business relies on getting our customer to know and trust us during the initial stage of our relationship such that they will continue working with us for the long term. To accomplish this we must treat our clients with respect and provide a high level of serviceRead MoreEst1 Task21159 Words   |  5 PagesWGU EST1 Task 2 Company X Ethics Program Standards and Procedures: Company X expects all employees to conduct themselves with integrity, professional and responsible actions at all times. An employee’s actions in both personal life and professional life should avoid any situations that (A) could be construed as harmful to the company or its employees or (B) cause negative public reactions that could impact Company X customers or customer relations in adverse ways. You are a Company X representative

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Free Essays

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (German: [? v? lf ama? deus ? mo? tsa? t], English see fn. [1]), baptismal name Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart[2] (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. He composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg.Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17 he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position, always composing abundantly. While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of Mozart’s death.The circumstances of his early death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons. Mozart learned voraciously from others, and developed a brilliance and maturity of style that encompassed the light and graceful along with the dark and passionate. His influence on subsequent Western art music is profound. Beethoven wrote his own early compositions in the shadow of Mozart, of whom Joseph Haydn wrote that â€Å"posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years. â€Å"[3] Biography Family and early yearsWolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to Leopold and Anna Maria Pertl Mozart at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg, capital of the sovereign Archbishopric of Salzburg, in what is now Austria but, at the time, was part of the Bavarian Circle in the Holy Roman Empire. His only sibling to survive past birth was Maria Anna (1751–1829), called â€Å"Nannerl†. Wolfgang was baptized the day after his birth at St. Rupert’s Cathedral. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called himself â€Å"Wolfgang Amade Mozart†[4] as an adult, but there were many variants. His father Leopold (1719–1787) was from Augsburg. He was deputy Kapellmeister to the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg, a minor composer, and an experienced teacher. In the year of Mozart’s birth, his father published a violin textbook, Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule, which achieved success. When Nannerl was seven, she began keyboard lessons with her father; and her three-year-old brother would look on, evidently fascinated.Years later, after his death, she reminisced: He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was always striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good. [. .. ] In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier. [†¦ ] He could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping exactly in time. [†¦ ] At the age of five, he was already composing little pieces, which he played to his father who wrote them down. [5] These early pieces, K. 1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch.Biographer Maynard Solomon[6] notes that, while Leopold was a devoted teacher to his children, there is evidence that Wolfgang was keen to make progress beyond what he was being taught. His first ink-spattered composition and his precocious efforts with the violin were on his own initiative and came as a great surprise to Leopold. [7] Leopold eventually gave up composing when his son’s outstanding musical talents became evident. [8] He was Wolfgang’s only teacher in his earliest years and taught his children languages and academic subjects as well as music. 6] 1762–1773: Years of travel During Mozart’s youth, his family made several European journeys in which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an exhibition, in 1762, at the court of the Prince-elector Maximilian III of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial Court in Vienna and Prague. A long concert tour spanning three and a half years followed, taking the family to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London, The Hague, again to Paris, and back home via Zurich, Donaueschingen, and Munich.During this trip, Mozart met a great number of musicians and acquainted himself with the works of other composers. A particularly important influence was Johann Christian Bach, whom Mozart visited in London in 1764 and 1765. The family again went to Vienna in late 1767 and remained there until December 1768. These trips were often arduous. Travel conditions were primitive;[10] the family had to wait for invitations and reimbursement from the nobility. [11] They endured long, near-fatal illnesses far from home: first Leopold (London, summer 1764)[12] then both children (The Hague, autumn 1765). 13] After one year in Salzburg, father and son set off for Italy, leaving Wolfgang’s mother and his sister at home. This travel lasted from December 1769 to March 1771. As with earlier journeys, Leopold wanted to display his son’s abilities as a performer and a rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang met G. B. Martini, in Bologna, and was accepted as a member of the famous Accademia Filarmonica. In Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri’s Miserere once in performance in the Sistine Chapel.He wrote it out in its entirety from memory, only returning to correct minor errors—thus producing the first illegal copy of this closely guarded property of the Vatican. In Milan, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed with success. This led to further opera commissions. He returned with his father later twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October 1772 – March 1773) for the composition and premieres of Ascanio in Alba (1771) and Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold hoped these visits would result in a professional appointment for his son in Italy, but these hopes were never fulfilled. 14] Toward the end of the final Italian journey, Mozart wrote the first of his works to be still widely performed today, the solo cantata Exsultate, jubilate, K. 165. 1773–1777: The Salzburg court After finally returning with his father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was employed as a court musician by the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. The composer had a great number of friends and admirers in Salzburg. [15] He had the opportunity to work in many genres, composing symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, serenades, and a few minor operas.Several of these early works are still performed today. Between April and December 1775, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos, producing a series of five (the only ones he ever wrote), which steadily increased in their musical sophistication. The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are now staples of the repertoire. In 1776 he turned his efforts to piano concertos, culminating in the E-flat concerto K. 271 of early 1777, considered by critics to be a breakthrough work. [16] Despite these artistic successes, Mozart grew increasingly discontent with Salzburg nd redoubled his efforts to find a position elsewhere. One reason was his low salary, 150 florins a year;[17] Mozart also longed to compose operas, and Salzburg provided only rare occasions for these. The situation worsened in 1775 when the court theater was closed, especially since the other theater in Salzburg was largely reserved for visiting troupes. [18] Two long expeditions in search of work (both Leopold and Wolfgang were looking) interrupted this long Salzburg stay: they visited Vienna, from 14 July to 26 September 1773, and Munich, from 6 December 1774 to March 1775.Neither visit was successful, though the Munich journey resulted in a popular success with the premiere of Mozart’s opera La finta giardiniera. [19] 1777–1778: The Paris journey In August 1777, Mozart resigned his Salzburg position[20] and, on 23 September, ventured out once more in search of employment, with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Paris, and Munich. [21] Since Archbishop Colloredo would not give Leopold leave to travel, Mozart’s mother Anna Maria accompanied him. Mozart became acquainted with members of the famous orchestra in Mannheim, the best in Europe at the time.He also fell in love with Aloysia Weber, one of four daughters in a musical family. There were prospects of employment in Mannheim, but they came to nothing, and Mozart left for Paris on 14 March 1778[22] to continue his search. One of his letters from Paris hints at a possible post as an organist at Versailles, but Mozart was not interested in such an appointment. [23] He fell into debt and took to pawning valuables. [24] The nadir of the visit occurred when Mozart’s mother took ill and died on 3 July 1778. [25] There had been delays in calling a doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because of a lack of funds. 26] While Wolfgang was in Paris, Leopold was pursuing opportunities for him back in Salzburg,[27] and, with the support of local nobility, secured him a post as court organist and concertmaster. The yearly salary was 450 florins,[28] but Wolfgang was reluctant to accept. [29]After leaving Paris on 26 September 1778, he tarried in Mannheim and Munich, still hoping to obtain an appointment outside Salzburg. In Munich, he again encountered Aloysia, now a very successful singer, but she made it plain that she was no longer interested in him. 30] Mozart finally reached home on 15 January 1779 and took up the new position, but his discontent with Salzburg was undiminished. The A minor piano sonata K. 310/300d and the â€Å"Paris† Symphony (no. 31) are among several well-known works from Mozart’s time in Paris, where they were performed on 12 June and 18 June 1778. [31] 1781: Departure to Vienna In January 1781, Mozart’s opera Idomeneo premiered with â€Å"considerable success† in Munich. [33] The following March the composer was summoned to Vienna, where his employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending the celebrations for the accession of Joseph II to the Austrian throne.Mozart, fresh from the adulation he had earned in Munich, was offended when Colloredo treated him as a mere servant and particularly when the archbishop forbade him to perform before the Emperor at Countess Thun’s for a fee equal to half of his yearly Salzburg salary. The resulting quarrel came to a head in May: Mozart attempted to resign and was refused. The following month, permission was granted but in a grossly insulting way: the composer was dismissed literally â€Å"with a kick in the ass†, administered by the archbishop’s steward, Count Arco.Mozart decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer and composer. [34] The quarrel with the archbishop went harder for Mozart because his father sided against him. Hoping fervently that he would obediently follow Colloredo back to Salzburg, Leopold exchanged intense letters with his son, urging him to be reconciled with their employer. Wolfgang passionately defended his intention to pursue an independent career in Vienna. The debate ended when Mozart was dismissed by the archbishop, freeing himself both of his employer and his father’s demands to return.Solomon characterizes Mozart’s resignation as a â€Å"revolutionary step†, and it greatly altered the course of his life. [35] Early Vienna years Mozart’s new career in Vienna began well. He performed often as a pianist, notably in a competition before the Emperor with Muzio Clementi on 24 December 1781,[34] and he soon â€Å"had established himself as the finest keyboard player in Vienna†. [34] He also prospered as a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail (â€Å"The Abduction from the Seraglio†), which premiered on 16 July 1782 and achieved a huge success. The work was soon being performed â€Å"throughoutGerman-speaking Europe†,[34] and fully established Mozart’s reputation as a composer. Near the height of his quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart moved in with the Weber family, who had moved to Vienna from Mannheim. The father, Fridolin, had died, and the Webers were now taking in lodgers to make ends meet. [36] Aloysia, who had earlier rejected Mozart’s suit, was now married to the actor Joseph Lange, and Mozart’s interest shifted to the third daughter, Constanze. The courtship did not go entirely smoothly; surviving correspondence indicates that Mozart and Constanze briefly broke up in April 1782. 37] Mozart also faced a very difficult task in getting his father’s permission for the marriage. [38] The couple were finally married on 4 August 1782, in St. Stephen’s Cathedral, the day before Leopold’s consent arrived in the mail. [38] The couple had six children, of which only two survived infancy: †¢Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783) †¢Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858) †¢Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)†¢Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 December 1787 – 29 June 1788) †¢Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 25 December 1789) Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844) In the course of 1782 and 1783 Mozart became intimately acquainted with the work of Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg e Frideric Handel as a result of the influence of Gottfried van Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the Baroque masters. Mozart’s study of these scores inspired compositions in Baroque style, and later influenced his personal musical language, for example in fugal passages in Die Zauberflote (â€Å"The Magic Flute†) and the finale of Symphony No. 1. [39] In 1783, Wolfgang and Constanze visited his family in Salzburg. Leopold and Nannerl were, at best, only polite to Constanze, but the visit prompted the composition of one of Mozart’s great liturgical pieces, the Mass in C minor. Though not completed, it was premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part. [40] Mozart met Joseph Haydn in Vienna, and the two composers became friends (see Haydn and Mozart). When Haydn visited Vienna, they sometimes played together in an impromptu string quartet.Mozart’s six quartets dedicated to Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are judged to be a response to Haydn’s Opus 33 set from 1781. [41] Haydn in 1785 told the visiting Leopold: â€Å"I tell you before God, and as an honest man, your son is the greatest composer known to me by person and repute, he has taste and what is more the greatest skill in composition. â€Å"[42] From 1782 to 1785 Mozart mounted concerts with himself as soloist, presenting three or four new piano concertos in each season. Since space in the theaters was scarce, he booked unconventional venues: a large room in the Trattnerhof (an apartment building), and the ballroom of the Mehlgrube (a restaurant). [43] The concerts were very popular, and the concertos he premiered at them are still firm fixtures in the repertoire. Solomon writes that during this period Mozart created â€Å"a harmonious connection between an eager composer-performer and a delighted audience, which was given the opportunity of witnessing the transformation and perfection of a major musical genre†. 43] With substantial returns from his concerts and elsewhere, he and Constanze adopted a rather plush lifestyle. They moved to an expensive apartment, with a yearly rent of 460 florins. [44] Mozart also bought a fine fortepiano from Anton Walter for about 900 florins, and a billiard table for about 300. [44] The Mozarts sent their son Karl Thomas to an expensive boarding school,[45][46] and kept servants. Saving was therefore impossible, and the short period of financial success did nothing to soften the hardship the Mozarts were later to experience. 47][48] On 14 December 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, admitted to the lodge Zur Wohltatigkeit (â€Å"Beneficence†). [49] Freemasonry played an important role in the remainder of Mozart’s life: he attended meetings, a number of his friends were Masons, and on various occasions he composed Masonic music. (See Mozart and Freemasonry. ) 1786–1787: Return to opera Despite the great success of Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic writing for the next four years, producing only two unfinished works and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor.He focused instead on his career as a piano soloist and writer of concertos. However, around the end of 1785, Mozart moved away from keyboard writing[50][page needed] and began his famous operatic collaboration with the librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte. 1786 saw the successful premiere of The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna. Its reception in Prague later in the year was even warmer, and this led to a second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 to acclaim in Prague, and also met with success in Vienna in 1788.The two are among Mozart’s most important works and are mainstays of the operatic repertoire today, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty for both listeners and performers. These developments were not witnessed by the composer’s father, as Leopold had died on 28 May 1787. In December 1787 Mozart finally obtained a steady post under aristocratic patronage. Emperor Joseph II appointed him as his â€Å"chamber composer†, a post that had fallen vacant the previous month on the death of Gluck.It was a part-time appointment, paying just 800 florins per year, and only required Mozart to compose dances for the annual balls in the Redoutensa al. However, even this modest income became important to Mozart when hard times arrived. Court records show that Joseph’s aim was to keep the esteemed composer from leaving Vienna in pursuit of better prospects. [51] In 1787 the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to study with Mozart. [52] No reliable records survive to indicate whether the two composers ever met. (See Mozart and Beethoven. ) 1788–1790 Toward the end of the decade, Mozart’s circumstances worsened.Around 1786 he had ceased to appear frequently in public concerts, and his income shrank. [53] This was a difficult time for musicians in Vienna because Austria was at war, and both the general level of prosperity and the ability of the aristocracy to support music had declined. [54] By mid-1788, Mozart and his family had moved from central Vienna to the suburb of Alsergrund. [53] Although it has been thought that Mozart reduced his rental expenses, recent research shows that by moving to the suburb Mozart had certainly not reduced his expenses (as claimed in his letter to Puchberg), but merely increased the housing space at his disposal. 55] Mozart began to borrow money, most often from his friend and fellow Mason Michael Puchberg; â€Å"a pitiful sequence of letters pleading for loans† survives. [56] Maynard Solomon and others have suggested that Mozart was suffering from depression, and it seems that his output slowed. [57] Major works of the period include the last three symphonies (Nos. 39, 40, and 41, all from 1788), and the last of the three Da Ponte operas , Cosi fan tutte, premiered in 1790. Around this time Mozart made long journeys hoping to improve his ortunes: to Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin in the spring of 1789 (see Mozart’s Berlin journey), and to Frankfurt, Mannheim, and other German cities in 1790. The trips produced only isolated success and did not relieve the family’s financial distress. 1791 Mozart’s last year was, until his final illness struck, a time of great productivity—and by some accounts a time of personal recovery. [58] He composed a great deal, including some of his most admired works: the opera The Magic Flute, the final piano concerto (K. 95 in B-flat), the Clarinet Concerto K. 622, the last in his great series of string quintets (K. 614 in E-flat), the motet Ave verum corpus K. 618, and the unfinished Requiem K. 626. Mozart’s financial situation, a source of extreme anxiety in 1790, finally began to improve.Although the evidence is inconclusive,[59] it appears that wealthy patrons in Hungary and Amsterdam pledged annuities to Mozart in return for the occasional composition. He probably also benefited from the sale of dance music written in his role as Imperial chamber composer. 59] Mozart no longer borrowed large sums from Puchberg, and made a start on paying off his debts. [59] He experienced great satisfaction in the public success of some of his works, notably The Magic Flute (performed many times in the short period between its premiere and Mozart’s death)[60] and the Little Masonic Cantata K. 623, premiered on 15 November 1791. [61] Final illness and death Main article: Death of Mozart Mozart fell ill while in Prague for the premiere on 6 September of his opera La clemenza di Tito, written in 1791 on commission for the Emperor’s coronation festivities. 62] He was able to continue his professional functions for some time, and conducted the premiere of The Magic Flute on 30 September.The illness intensified on 20 November, at which point Mozart became bedridden, suffering from swelling, pain, and vomiting. [63] Mozart was nursed in his final illness by Constanze and her youngest sister Sophie, and attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset. It is clear that he was mentally occupied with the task of finishing his Requiem. However, the evidence that he actually dictated passages to his student Sussmayr is very slim. [64][65] Mozart died at 1 a. . on 5 December 1791 at the age of 35. The New Grove gives a matter-of-fact description of his funeral: Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese custom, at the St Marx cemetery outside the city on 7 December. If, as later reports say, no mourners attended, that too is consistent with Viennese burial customs at the time; later Jahn (1856) wrote that Salieri, Sussmayr, van Swieten and two other musicians were present. The tale of a storm and snow is false; the day was calm and mild. [66] The cause of Mozart’s death cannot be known with certainty. The official record has it as â€Å"hitziges Frieselfieber† (â€Å"severe miliary fever†, referring to a rash that looks like millet seeds), a description that does not suffice to identify the cause as it would be diagnosed in modern medicine. Researchers have posited at least 118 causes of death, including trichinosis, influenza, mercury poisoning, and a rare kidney ailment. [67] The most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mozart died of acute rheumatic fever. Mozart’s sparse funeral did not reflect his standing with the public as a composer: memorial services and concerts in Vienna and Prague were well attended.Indeed, in the period immediately after his death, Mozart’s reputation rose substantially: Solomon describes an â€Å"unprecedented wave of enthusiasm†[68] for his work; biographies were written (first by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Nissen; see Biographies of Mozart); and publishers vied to produce complete editions of his works. [68] Appearance and character Mozart’s physical appearance was described by tenor Michael Kelly, in his Reminiscences: â€Å"a remarkably small man, very thin and pale, with a profusion of fine, fair hair of which he was rather vain†. How to cite Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Papers

Informative Speech on Dreams free essay sample

Credibility Statement) have done a lot of research on the topic of Dream Interpretation and find that it varies from person to person. Some believe that a dream stems from a collaboration of your everyday experiences and past memories. Whereas others believe it is the brains way of getting excess memory out of the brain and that this is crucial for proper brain function. V. (Relevancy Statement) Dream interpretation is important for everyone because being able to analyze the information in your own dreams can allow you to solve problems in reality. V. (Preview) Today I am going to talk about Dream interpretation. It is important because it allows us to see what a dream is, to find significance in our dreams, and to face our subconscious problems. BODY 1. 1m sure most, if not all of you have experienced what it is like to dream. But what exactly is a dream? To define a dream, we first must define sleep. Sleep is the most important aspect of dreaming, without sleep you cannot dream. 1. There are two specific parts of sleeping. In an an Article called Dreaming by Todays Dreaming they talk about the two types of sleep. There is Synchronized or Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep where there are little to no reports of dreaming. The econd type of sleep is Desynchronized, dreaming or rapid eye movement sleep. This type of sleep causes your eyes to move rapidly, your autonomic nervous system to be activated, and for you to dream. The average person has five cycles of rapid eye movement sleep and dreams are had in intervals of about 90 minutes. What is interesting, is that a dream period usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes (Dreaming). 2. In an article called Biology ot Sleep by Marvin Rosen, ne snows a study by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinksky at Stanford University in 1953 that proves that subjects are sleeping while in Rapid Eye movement sleep. They saw that after about an hour of sleep, the subjects eyes would move rapidly back and forth, and the subjects would awaken and tell them they were dreaming. Hence this stage of sleep being called rapid eye movement sleep. (Biology of Sleep) B. Coming from a Biology major I always find it interesting to learn what happens when we are awake and what parts of our brains are active, but it is even more interesting to see what is active when we are asleep and dreaming. 1. In Rosens article Biology of sleep he recognizes the parts of the brain that are used during Rapid eye movement sleep. He states, .. hat we see when we dream are modifications of what we see when we are awake. Which suggests that the parts of your brain that are active when youre awake, are also active when you are dreaming. It has been shown in tests that the visual cortex, the part of the brain responsible for vision, is firing during sleep. Presumably, this is why we have visual imagery in dreams. The only thing that seems to be different is that without being awake there is no perception of time which is why some dreams can seem to last hours, when in reality they are only lasting a few seconds. (Biology of Sleep). a. In Rosens article he shows that not only is the auditory cortex used but the limbic system is also used. The limbic system lies at the innermost edge of the cerebral hemispheres. Part of the limbic system is the hippocampus, which is the key for storing memories. Without the hippocampus short term memories would be lost as if someone forgot to press save on a computer file. b. Durin g Rapid eye movement sleep, certain cells in the brain stem produce a brain wave pattern called Theta Rhythm, which is is necessary for memory processing in the hippocampus. If the body is moving then Theta waves cannot be produced so the ody is actually paralyzed when we sleep except for our eyes which do not interfere with Theta waves. When these waves are being produced during Raped Eye Movement sleep, memories are being reprocessed, which is why memories are the content of our dream. 2. The limbic system also includes the amygdala(Amig- Dalah) which is the part of the brain responsible for emotions. In an Article called Scientists Discover Why Dreams Are So Weird they state During REM sleep, the mens brains showed the most activity in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that governs emotion. Meanwhile, ittle activity was seen in the frontal lobes. The frontal lobes help sort out and give meaning to information from the senses. According to the researchers, this unequal activity might explain why dreams can be so intense, yet so illogical. It may also explain why dreams do not seem strange to the dreamer while they are happening (Scientists Discover Why Dreams Are So Weird) (Without your REM cycle, your limbic system including your hippocampus and amygdala and your visual and auditory cortexs you wouldnt be able to have a solid dream. TRANSITION: Now that we saw what functions in the brain during a dream we can etter understand the significance behind why we dream. II. We must dream for some important reason, well what is that reason? A. There are many theories as to why we dream, however some theories more prevalent than others. 1. Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist with many different theories about the brain, some of those theories pertain to dreaming. Freuds theor y is a good example behind why we dream and how it is important to our lives. He studied his own dream and his patients dreams and was convinced that dreams were a valid method for uncovering repressed thoughts and feelings, isguising the latent content (Rosen, Marvin). a. There are two things about dream content that was important to Freud. The dream events which he called manifest content and the true meaning of the symbol is latent content. Freud believed that the latent content would camouflage itself using symbols, metaphors, condensation of images, words that combine two or more meanings, and displacement of one image by another. Rosen, Marvin) b. When Freud would analyze his dreams he found that many symbols were the same in different patients. For example, Kings and Queens stood for the subjects parents. However, he did not want people to think that these symbols always meant the same thing for everyone. Symbols always vary, depending on who is having the dream. (Rosen, Marvin). 2. Other psychologists believe that we dream to un-clutter the brain. The y believe that during Rapid eye movement sleep it increases protein synthesis in the central nervous system for the development of memory and learning. Pollak, Charles P. , Michael J. Thorpy, and Jan Yager) Like I said before Theta waves are produced while in Rapid Eye movement sleep which is necessary for memories to be stored in the hippocampus. Dreaming occurs at the same time that Theta waves are being produced. In essence, we can assume that dreaming helps to store memories and to learn because they are happening at the same time. B. What do we need to dream? 1 . We observed that dreaming could either be to release subconscious thoughts or to un-clutter the brain to help us remember things. But what if someone is blind? The same theories can still be applied, although someone is blind they will dream but they do not have images in their dreams like someone who can see. Instead they have auditory dreams, which is still included in helping to remember things. People who are were blind from a young age are said to still have images in their dreams. Their dreams are helping them remember what they used to be able to see. a. scientists also did studies on sleeping patients where they would speak to them to see if what they said showed up in their dreams. They would splash water on them, and the would flash bright lights over their eyes. Less than 50% of all their tests showed up in their test subjects dreams. However, they realized that whatever the test subject sees, hears, and feels right before they are asleep they are more likely to dream about that. 2. Then there is emotion which is involved in our dreams. The emotion exhibited in our dreams depends on the gender, and personality of the subject. However, on average men are more likely to have more aggressive dreams that take part outside, while women have dream that are more passive and take part inside. There is not a hard fact as to why dreams are significant, however they are highly educated guesses. Freud believes that most of the things in our dreams are symbols that metaphorically represent something in our real lives, while other scientists believe dreaming is getting rid of information in order to store new memories. TRANSITION: If Freud is correct in that what we see in our dreams has meaning to our lives, then we would be able to face our subconscious problems Just by analyzing our dreams. Ill. How could we face our subconscious problems from reliving a dream? A. Both of these examples are from Rosens article Theories of dreams and Application in Psychotherapy. Studies done on patients and their dreams shows us how we can find meaning in our dreams and then fix the problem that it relates too in reality. 1. Freud did a study on a girl named Dora, she was 17 years old and she lived in Vienna. Doras family was wealthy. Her father, who owned a factory, had recently recovered from a serious illness. During this time, the family became friendly with another couple, Mr. and Mrs. K. Mrs. K had nursed Doras father during his illness, and he was very grateful to her. Mrs. K was very kind to Dora and sometimes gave her expensive gifts. Sometimes Dora stayed at their home. Dora related a dream to Freud. She had experienced the same dream four times: A house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up. I dressed myself quickly. Mother wanted to stop and save her Jewel case, but father said: l will not let myself nd my two children be burnt for the sake of your Jewel case. We hurried downstairs and as soon as I was outside, I woke up. When questioned about the dream, Dora reported, Father was having a dispute witn mother in the last tew days, because sne locks the dining room at night. My brothers room, you see, has no separate entrance, but can only be reached through the dining room. Father does not want my brother to be locked in like that at night. He says it will not do; something might happen in the night so that it might be necessary to leave t he room. Dora associated the figure f her father in the dream with an earlier incident, when she had been staying with Mr. and Mrs. K. She awakened one night to find Mr. K standing over her bed. The next night, she found a key and locked her room, but soon after, the key was missing. She believed that Mr. K had taken it and feared that Mr. K would again come into her room. She dressed herself quickly each morning. After several days, she demanded that her father take her home. Dora also recalled an earlier incident at age 14 when Mr. K had kissed her, leaving Dora with a feeling of disgust. Freud saw a connection between Doras statements that she woke up once she got ut of the house in her dream. This was an expression of her thought that she would get no sleep until she is out of the house. Another important element in the dream was the Jewel case. Dora related an incident in which her father had given her mother an expensive bracelet. Her mother had wanted something different and in anger told her husband to give it to someone else. Dora, who overheard the argument, and craved her fathers attention, would have accepted the bracelet with pleasure. Freud explained the dream to Dora in this way: . The meaning of the dream is now becoming clearer. You said to yourself, This an (Mr. K) is persecuting me; he wants to force his way into my room. if anything happens, it will be Fathers fault For that reason, in the dream, you chose a situation that expresses the opposite†a danger from which your father is saving you. Freud believed that dreams express infantile wishes. In this case, Dora had strong feelings for her father and wanted to give him the love her mother withheld. The wish for her father was even more threatening to Dora than her fear of Mr. K and had to be kept unconscious. Dora was able to confront both Mr. and Mrs. K. Mr. K admitted his misconduct. Mrs. K admitted to having an affair with Doras father. Dora was vindicated. Her family severed relations with the KS. Doras symptoms disappeared. She was later able to give up her infantile wishes for her father and to marry. (Rosen, Marvin) (l will be summarizing this, I am not going to state this word for word but this is an important example to why Freuds theory might be correct. 2. Although Doras case is severe this could be the case with many of you, I created a dream in the beginning of the speech referring to a fire that was burning down your room. You could ask yourself how to analyze this situation for yourself? If this was my dream, I could assume that what ever is in my room are stressors in my life and that I would like for them to all go away but I started crying because I know they are simultaneously important to me. But remember that each analyzation varies on who is having the dream is. B. Fritz Perls created e es t theory which in a way is similar to Freuds theory. He also saw meaning behind what we see in dreams but he believed that we could find the meaning by ourselves. 1 . His theory suggests that his patients should act out their dream and they do not need anyone to tell them what it means. He believed if they acted it out for themselves they would better understand the roles of the symbols in their dreams. For example: A woman receiving gestalt therapy reported the following dream in the present tense: I have three monkeys in a cage†one big monkey and two little ones. I feel very attached to these monkeys, although they are creating a lot of chaos in a cage that is divided into three separate spaces. They are fghting with one another. The big monkey is fighting with the little monkey. They are getting out of the cage, and they are clinging onto me. I feel like pushing them away from me. I feel totally overwhelmed by the chaos that they are creating around me. I turn to my mother and tell her that I need help, that I can no longer handle these monkeys because they are driving me crazy. I feel very sad and very tired, and I feel discouraged. I am walking away from the cage thinking that I really love these monkeys, yet I will have to get rid of them. I am telling myself that I am like everyone else. I get pets, and then when things get rough I want to get rid of them. I am trying very hard to find a solution to keeping these monkeys and not allowing them to have such a terrific effect on me. Before I wake up from my dream, I am making the decision to put each monkey in a separate cage, and maybe that is the way to keep them. The therapist asked the client to become each of the parts of her dream, each monkey as well as the cage. She realized that the dream expressed a conflict she was having with her husband and her two children. She recognized that she both loved and resented her family. She needed to have a dialogue with her family and express her conflicting feelings. The family needed to learn to communicate better and try to improve their relationships. No interpretation by the therapist was necessary for the oman to reach these conclusions. (Rosen, Marvin) 2. 1f you act out each individual part of the dream you can figure out what each part of the dream means. (Whether you have a psychologists giving you the answers or you are acting the dream out yourself, you will be able to find a deeper meaning to most if not all of your dreams. CONCLUSION Dream interpretation is important because it allows us to see the historical values behind what a dream is, to find significance in our dreams, and to face our subconscious problems. We have learned that a dream is a natural part of our brains ound in the limbic system, that the symbols in our dreams represent different things in our awakened state, and that there are ways to determine the meaning of what we dream about. T here will only ever be theories as to why the human body exhibits dreams in the first place, however, they will always be important to fguring out who we are as people. Annotated Bibliography Dreaming. Todays Science. Infobase Learning, Web. 24 Oct. 2013. This is a short article written by a collaboration of people by a company named Todays Science. Their main goal was to describe the pattern of sleep a human goes hrough during the night. This cycle is called NREM and REM, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement. They mostly describe what happens during sleep because without sleeping you could not dream. Dreaming occurs during the rapid eye movement cycle of your sleep which is about 90 minutes into your sleeping cycle. Pollak, Charles P. , Michael J. Thorpy, and Jan Yager. dreams. Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. These authors talked about dreams and how they lead up from history until recent times. They talked about dreams dating from the bible and how they were even important then. They talk about the sleep cycle and how it includes REM and without REM you could not have dreams. They also brought up different scientists theories in which they believed that dreams eliminate unwanted information from the central nervous system. Dreaming may be important in un-cluttering the brain so that new information can be more easily retained in memory. They talk about different types of dreaming such as lucid dreaming, nightmares and night terrors. They also talk a small amount about the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Rosen, Marvin. Biology of Sleep. Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 24 Oct 2013. The author Marvin Rosen describes the brain like a computer. He starts off by comparing the human brain to a microchip and that no one actually thinks about what is happening inside the microchips when a computer is working. The same goes for our brains, and no one actually thinks about what is going on while we sleep or while we dream it Just happens. He defines sleep, the R. E. M. cycles that happen during and he also talks about a brief history of the study of sleep and dreaming. He explains why we sleep, saying that it is a break time for the brain to eview all the information during the wakened state. He also talks about why we dream and that is necessary because provide the brain with stimulation that is required to develop and preserve the brains nerve pathways. This theory is supported by the fact that infants, whose brains are rapidly developing, spend most of their time in REM sleep. Rosen, Marvin. Theories of dreams and application in psychotherapy. Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. The author, Marvin Rosen, elaborately describes the sleep cycle in order for the reader to understand the concept of the Dream. He uses various examples from different psychologists including Sigmund Freud, Fritz Perls, and Carl Jung. Each of these men had a different standpoint on Dream analysis and the way the brain works to compute a dream. Freud believed that there was deeper, metaphorical meanings to the images and sounds in your dreams, Perls believed that there was also meaning except that dreams were basic enough for most everyone to understand the underlying meaning, and Jung believed that the images in dreams were passed down from generations through the nervous system.